Google Sheets Functions

Google Sheets has hundreds of built-in functions, and finding the right one can feel like searching for a needle in a haystack.

This page is a complete, categorized index of every function in Google Sheets, sourced directly from Google’s official documentation. Each function name links (or will link, as we publish individual tutorials) to a full guide with syntax, examples, and common use cases.

Use the categories below to jump straight to the type of function you need.

Lookup and Reference

These functions help you find data, navigate ranges, and pull values from one location into another. If you work with large datasets, you’ll live in this section.

Function	Description
ADDRESS	Returns a cell reference as a string.
CHOOSE	Returns an element from a list of choices based on an index.
COLUMN	Returns the column number of a specified cell.
COLUMNS	Returns the number of columns in a specified array or range.
FORMULATEXT	Returns the formula as a string.
GETPIVOTDATA	Extracts an aggregated value from a pivot table.
HLOOKUP	Searches across the first row for a key and returns the matching value.
INDEX	Returns the content of a cell at a given row and column offset.
INDIRECT	Returns a cell reference specified by a string.
LOOKUP	Looks through a row or column for a key and returns the matching value.
MATCH	Returns the relative position of an item that matches a specified value.
OFFSET	Returns a range reference shifted a specified number of rows and columns.
ROW	Returns the row number of a specified cell.
ROWS	Returns the number of rows in a specified array or range.
SHEET	Returns the sheet number of the specified sheet or reference.
VLOOKUP	Searches down the first column for a key and returns the matching value.
XLOOKUP	Returns values from a result range based on the position of the matched key.

Math

The everyday math toolkit. Sums, rounding, trig, and a few specialized helpers for working with numbers.

Function	Description
ABS	Returns the absolute value of a number.
ACOS	Returns the inverse cosine of a value, in radians.
ACOSH	Returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of a number.
ACOT	Returns the inverse cotangent of a value, in radians.
ACOTH	Returns the inverse hyperbolic cotangent of a value, in radians.
ASIN	Returns the inverse sine of a value, in radians.
ASINH	Returns the inverse hyperbolic sine of a number.
ATAN	Returns the inverse tangent of a value, in radians.
ATAN2	Returns the angle between the x-axis and a line segment from the origin.
ATANH	Returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of a number.
BASE	Converts a number into a text representation in another base.
CEILING	Rounds a number up to the nearest integer multiple of significance.
CEILING.MATH	Rounds up to the nearest integer multiple with specified significance.
CEILING.PRECISE	Rounds up to the nearest integer multiple of significance.
COMBIN	Returns the number of ways to choose objects from a pool.
COMBINA	Returns the number of ways to choose objects including repetition.
COS	Returns the cosine of an angle provided in radians.
COSH	Returns the hyperbolic cosine of any real number.
COT	Returns the cotangent of an angle provided in radians.
COTH	Returns the hyperbolic cotangent of any real number.
COUNTBLANK	Returns the number of empty cells in a given range.
COUNTIF	Returns a conditional count across a range.
COUNTIFS	Returns the count of a range depending on multiple criteria.
COUNTUNIQUE	Counts the number of unique values in a list of values or ranges.
CSC	Returns the cosecant of an angle provided in radians.
CSCH	Returns the hyperbolic cosecant of any real number.
DECIMAL	Converts the text representation of a number in another base to base 10.
DEGREES	Converts an angle value in radians to degrees.
ERFC	Returns the complementary Gauss error function of a value.
ERFC.PRECISE	Returns the complementary Gauss error function of a value.
EVEN	Rounds a number up to the nearest even integer.
EXP	Returns Euler’s number, e, raised to a power.
FACT	Returns the factorial of a number.
FACTDOUBLE	Returns the double factorial of a number.
FLOOR	Rounds a number down to the nearest integer multiple of significance.
FLOOR.MATH	Rounds down to the nearest integer multiple with specified significance.
FLOOR.PRECISE	Rounds down to the nearest integer or multiple of significance.
GAMMALN	Returns the logarithm of a Gamma function, base e.
GAMMALN.PRECISE	Returns the logarithm of a Gamma function, base e.
GCD	Returns the greatest common divisor of one or more integers.
INT	Rounds a number down to the nearest integer less than or equal to it.
ISEVEN	Checks whether the provided value is even.
ISO.CEILING	Rounds up to the nearest integer multiple of significance.
ISODD	Checks whether the provided value is odd.
LCM	Returns the least common multiple of one or more integers.
LN	Returns the logarithm of a number, base e.
LOG	Returns the logarithm of a number given a base.
LOG10	Returns the logarithm of a number, base 10.
MOD	Returns the remainder after a division operation.
MROUND	Rounds one number to the nearest integer multiple of another.
MULTINOMIAL	Returns the factorial of the sum divided by the product of factorials.
MUNIT	Returns a unit matrix of size dimension by dimension.
ODD	Rounds a number up to the nearest odd integer.
PI	Returns the value of Pi to 14 decimal places.
POWER	Returns a number raised to a power.
PRODUCT	Returns the result of multiplying a series of numbers.
QUOTIENT	Returns one number divided by another.
RADIANS	Converts an angle value in degrees to radians.
RAND	Returns a random number between 0 inclusive and 1 exclusive.
RANDARRAY	Generates an array of random numbers between 0 and 1.
RANDBETWEEN	Returns a uniformly random integer between two values, inclusive.
ROUND	Rounds a number to a certain number of decimal places.
ROUNDDOWN	Rounds down to a certain number of decimal places.
ROUNDUP	Rounds up to a certain number of decimal places.
SEC	Returns the secant of an angle, measured in radians.
SECH	Returns the hyperbolic secant of an angle.
SEQUENCE	Returns an array of sequential numbers such as 1, 2, 3, 4.
SERIESSUM	Returns the sum of a power series.
SIGN	Returns -1 if negative, 1 if positive, and 0 if zero.
SIN	Returns the sine of an angle provided in radians.
SINH	Returns the hyperbolic sine of any real number.
SQRT	Returns the positive square root of a positive number.
SQRTPI	Returns the positive square root of the product of Pi and the number.
SUBTOTAL	Returns a subtotal for a vertical range using a specified function.
SUM	Returns the sum of a series of numbers or cells.
SUMIF	Returns a conditional sum across a range.
SUMIFS	Returns the sum of a range depending on multiple criteria.
SUMSQ	Returns the sum of the squares of a series of numbers or cells.
TAN	Returns the tangent of an angle provided in radians.
TANH	Returns the hyperbolic tangent of any real number.
TRUNC	Truncates a number to a certain number of significant digits.

Statistical

Averages, distributions, regressions, and the rest of the statistics shelf. Useful for analysts, researchers, and anyone summarizing data.

Function	Description
AVEDEV	Calculates the average of the magnitudes of deviations from the mean.
AVERAGE	Returns the numerical average value in a dataset, ignoring text.
AVERAGE.WEIGHTED	Finds the weighted average of a set of values.
AVERAGEA	Returns the numerical average value in a dataset.
AVERAGEIF	Returns the average of a range depending on criteria.
AVERAGEIFS	Returns the average of a range depending on multiple criteria.
BETA.DIST	Returns the probability of a given value as defined by the beta distribution.
BETA.INV	Returns the value of the inverse beta distribution function.
BETADIST	Returns the probability of a given value as defined by the beta distribution.
BETAINV	Returns the value of the inverse beta distribution function.
BINOM.DIST	Calculates the probability of drawing a certain number of successes.
BINOM.INV	Returns the smallest value for which the cumulative distribution is greater than a criterion.
BINOMDIST	Calculates the probability of drawing successes with replacement.
CHIDIST	Calculates the right-tailed chi-squared distribution.
CHIINV	Calculates the inverse of the right-tailed chi-squared distribution.
CHISQ.DIST	Calculates the left-tailed chi-squared distribution.
CHISQ.DIST.RT	Calculates the right-tailed chi-squared distribution.
CHISQ.INV	Calculates the inverse of the left-tailed chi-squared distribution.
CHISQ.INV.RT	Calculates the inverse of the right-tailed chi-squared distribution.
CHISQ.TEST	Returns the probability associated with a Pearson’s chi-squared test.
CHITEST	Returns the probability associated with a Pearson’s chi-squared test.
CONFIDENCE	Calculates the width of half the confidence interval.
CONFIDENCE.NORM	Calculates the width of half the confidence interval for a normal distribution.
CONFIDENCE.T	Calculates the width of half the confidence interval for a Student’s t-distribution.
CORREL	Calculates r, the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient.
COUNT	Returns a count of the number of numeric values in a dataset.
COUNTA	Returns a count of the number of values in a dataset.
COVAR	Calculates the covariance of a dataset.
COVARIANCE.P	Calculates the covariance of a dataset treated as a population.
COVARIANCE.S	Calculates the covariance of a dataset treated as a sample.
CRITBINOM	Calculates the smallest value for which the cumulative binomial distribution is greater than a criterion.
DEVSQ	Calculates the sum of squares of deviations based on a sample.
EXPON.DIST	Returns the value of the exponential distribution function.
EXPONDIST	Returns the value of the exponential distribution function.
F.DIST	Calculates the left-tailed F probability distribution.
F.DIST.RT	Calculates the right-tailed F probability distribution.
F.INV	Calculates the inverse of the left-tailed F probability distribution.
F.INV.RT	Calculates the inverse of the right-tailed F probability distribution.
F.TEST	Returns the probability associated with an F-test for equality of variances.
FDIST	Calculates the right-tailed F probability distribution.
FINV	Calculates the inverse of the right-tailed F probability distribution.
FISHER	Returns the Fisher transformation of a specified value.
FISHERINV	Returns the inverse Fisher transformation of a specified value.
FORECAST	Calculates the expected y-value for a specified x based on a linear regression.
FORECAST.LINEAR	Calculates the expected y-value for a specified x based on a linear regression.
FTEST	Returns the probability associated with an F-test for equality of variances.
GAMMA	Returns the Gamma function evaluated at the specified value.
GAMMA.DIST	Calculates the gamma distribution.
GAMMA.INV	Returns the value of the inverse gamma cumulative distribution function.
GAMMADIST	Calculates the gamma distribution.
GAMMAINV	Returns the value of the inverse gamma cumulative distribution function.
GAUSS	Returns the probability that a random variable will be within a range of the mean.
GEOMEAN	Calculates the geometric mean of a dataset.
HARMEAN	Calculates the harmonic mean of a dataset.
HYPGEOM.DIST	Calculates the probability of drawing successes without replacement.
HYPGEOMDIST	Calculates the probability of drawing successes without replacement.
INTERCEPT	Calculates the y-value where the regression line intersects the y-axis.
KURT	Calculates the kurtosis of a dataset.
LARGE	Returns the nth largest element from a dataset.
LOGINV	Returns the value of the inverse log-normal cumulative distribution.
LOGNORM.DIST	Returns the value of the log-normal cumulative distribution.
LOGNORM.INV	Returns the value of the inverse log-normal cumulative distribution.
LOGNORMDIST	Returns the value of the log-normal cumulative distribution.
MARGINOFERROR	Calculates the amount of random sampling error given a range of values.
MAX	Returns the maximum value in a numeric dataset.
MAXA	Returns the maximum numeric value in a dataset, treating text as 0.
MAXIFS	Returns the maximum value in a range filtered by criteria.
MEDIAN	Returns the median value in a numeric dataset.
MIN	Returns the minimum value in a numeric dataset.
MINA	Returns the minimum numeric value in a dataset, treating text as 0.
MINIFS	Returns the minimum value in a range filtered by criteria.
MODE	Returns the most commonly occurring value in a dataset.
MODE.MULT	Returns the most commonly occurring values in a dataset.
MODE.SNGL	Returns the most commonly occurring value in a dataset.
NEGBINOM.DIST	Calculates the probability of drawing failures before successes.
NEGBINOMDIST	Calculates the probability of drawing failures before successes.
NORM.DIST	Returns the value of the normal distribution function.
NORM.INV	Returns the value of the inverse normal distribution function.
NORM.S.DIST	Returns the value of the standard normal cumulative distribution.
NORM.S.INV	Returns the value of the inverse standard normal distribution.
NORMDIST	Returns the value of the normal distribution function.
NORMINV	Returns the value of the inverse normal distribution function.
NORMSDIST	Returns the value of the standard normal cumulative distribution.
NORMSINV	Returns the value of the inverse standard normal distribution.
PEARSON	Calculates r, the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient.
PERCENTILE	Returns the value at a given percentile of a dataset.
PERCENTILE.EXC	Returns the value at a percentile exclusive of 0 and 1.
PERCENTILE.INC	Returns the value at a given percentile of a dataset.
PERCENTRANK	Returns the percentage rank of a specified value.
PERCENTRANK.EXC	Returns the percentage rank from 0 to 1, exclusive.
PERCENTRANK.INC	Returns the percentage rank from 0 to 1, inclusive.
PERMUT	Returns the number of ways to choose objects, considering order.
PERMUTATIONA	Returns the number of permutations with replacement.
PHI	Returns the value of the normal distribution with mean 0 and standard deviation 1.
POISSON	Returns the value of the Poisson distribution function.
POISSON.DIST	Returns the value of the Poisson distribution function.
PROB	Calculates the probability that a value falls between two limits.
QUARTILE	Returns a value nearest to a specified quartile.
QUARTILE.EXC	Returns the value nearest to a quartile, exclusive of 0 and 4.
QUARTILE.INC	Returns a value nearest to a specified quartile.
RANK	Returns the rank of a specified value in a dataset.
RANK.AVG	Returns the rank of a value; if tied, returns the average rank of the entries.
RANK.EQ	Returns the rank of a value; if tied, returns the top rank of the entries.
RSQ	Calculates the square of r, the Pearson product-moment correlation.
SKEW	Calculates the skewness of a dataset.
SKEW.P	Calculates the skewness of a dataset representing the entire population.
SLOPE	Calculates the slope of the line resulting from linear regression.
SMALL	Returns the nth smallest element from a dataset.
STANDARDIZE	Calculates the normalized equivalent of a random variable.
STDEV	Calculates the standard deviation based on a sample.
STDEV.P	Calculates the standard deviation based on an entire population.
STDEV.S	Calculates the standard deviation based on a sample.
STDEVA	Calculates standard deviation based on a sample, treating text as 0.
STDEVP	Calculates the standard deviation based on an entire population.
STDEVPA	Calculates standard deviation based on a population, treating text as 0.
STEYX	Calculates the standard error of the predicted y-value.
T.DIST	Returns the right-tailed Student distribution for a value x.
T.DIST.2T	Returns the two-tailed Student distribution for a value x.
T.DIST.RT	Returns the right-tailed Student distribution for a value x.
T.INV	Calculates the negative inverse of the one-tailed TDIST function.
T.INV.2T	Calculates the inverse of the two-tailed TDIST function.
T.TEST	Returns the probability associated with Student’s t-test.
TDIST	Calculates the probability for Student’s t-distribution.
TINV	Calculates the inverse of the two-tailed TDIST function.
TRIMMEAN	Calculates the mean excluding some proportion from the ends of the data.
TTEST	Returns the probability associated with Student’s t-test.
VAR	Calculates the variance based on a sample.
VAR.P	Calculates the variance based on an entire population.
VAR.S	Calculates the variance based on a sample.
VARA	Calculates an estimate of variance based on a sample.
VARP	Calculates the variance based on an entire population.
VARPA	Calculates variance based on a population, treating text as 0.
WEIBULL	Returns the value of the Weibull distribution function.
WEIBULL.DIST	Returns the value of the Weibull distribution function.
Z.TEST	Returns the one-tailed P-value of a Z-test.
ZTEST	Returns the one-tailed P-value of a Z-test.

Text

Functions for working with strings. Cleaning, splitting, joining, searching, formatting, and pattern matching.

Function	Description
ARABIC	Computes the value of a Roman numeral.
ASC	Converts full-width ASCII and katakana characters to half-width counterparts.
CHAR	Converts a number into a character according to the Unicode table.
CLEAN	Returns text with non-printable ASCII characters removed.
CODE	Returns the numeric Unicode map value of the first character.
CONCATENATE	Appends strings to one another.
DOLLAR	Formats a number into the locale-specific currency format.
EXACT	Tests whether two strings are identical.
FIND	Returns the position at which a string is first found within text.
FINDB	Returns the position counting each double-character as 2.
FIXED	Formats a number with a fixed number of decimal places.
JOIN	Concatenates elements of arrays using a specified delimiter.
LEFT	Returns a substring from the beginning of a specified string.
LEFTB	Returns the left portion of a string up to a certain number of bytes.
LEN	Returns the length of a string.
LENB	Returns the length of a string in bytes.
LOWER	Converts a specified string to lowercase.
MID	Returns a segment of a string.
MIDB	Returns a section of a string up to a specified number of bytes.
PROPER	Capitalizes each word in a specified string.
REGEXEXTRACT	Extracts matching substrings according to a regular expression.
REGEXMATCH	Returns whether a piece of text matches a regular expression.
REGEXREPLACE	Replaces part of a text using regular expressions.
REPLACE	Replaces part of a text string with a different text string.
REPLACEB	Replaces part of text based on a number of bytes.
REPT	Returns specified text repeated a number of times.
RIGHT	Returns a substring from the end of a specified string.
RIGHTB	Returns the right portion of a string up to a certain number of bytes.
ROMAN	Formats a number in Roman numerals.
SEARCH	Returns the position at which a string is first found within text, ignoring case.
SEARCHB	Returns the position counting each double-character as 2.
SPLIT	Divides text around a specified character or string.
SUBSTITUTE	Replaces existing text with new text in a string.
T	Returns string arguments as text.
TEXT	Converts a number into text according to a specified format.
TEXTJOIN	Combines text from multiple strings with a specifiable delimiter.
TRIM	Removes leading and trailing spaces in a specified string.
UNICHAR	Returns the Unicode character for a number.
UNICODE	Returns the decimal Unicode value of the first character.
UPPER	Converts a specified string to uppercase.
VALUE	Converts a string in date, time, or number format to a number.

Date and Time

Anything involving dates, times, weekdays, and working-day calculations.

Function	Description
DATE	Converts a provided year, month, and day into a date.
DATEDIF	Calculates the number of days, months, or years between two dates.
DATEVALUE	Converts a provided date string in a known format to a date value.
DAY	Returns the day of the month that a specific date falls on, in numeric format.
DAYS	Returns the number of days between two dates.
DAYS360	Returns the difference between two days based on the 360-day year.
EDATE	Returns a date a specified number of months before or after another date.
EOMONTH	Returns a date representing the last day of a month.
EPOCHTODATE	Converts a Unix epoch timestamp to a datetime in UTC.
HOUR	Returns the hour component of a specific time, in numeric format.
ISOWEEKNUM	Returns the number of the ISO week of the year.
MINUTE	Returns the minute component of a specific time, in numeric format.
MONTH	Returns the month of the year a specific date falls in.
NETWORKDAYS	Returns the number of net working days between two provided days.
NETWORKDAYS.INTL	Returns net working days excluding specified weekend days and holidays.
NOW	Returns the current date and time as a date value.
SECOND	Returns the second component of a specific time, in numeric format.
TIME	Converts a provided hour, minute, and second into a time.
TIMEVALUE	Returns the fraction of a 24-hour day the time represents.
TODAY	Returns the current date as a date value.
WEEKDAY	Returns a number representing the day of the week of the date provided.
WEEKNUM	Returns a number representing the week of the year.
WORKDAY	Calculates the end date after a specified number of working days.
WORKDAY.INTL	Calculates the date after specified workdays, excluding weekends and holidays.
YEAR	Returns the year specified by a given date.
YEARFRAC	Returns the number of years between two dates using a day count convention.

Logical

True or false, if-then-else, and the building blocks of decision logic. Includes LAMBDA and LET for advanced formula authoring.

Function	Description
AND	Returns TRUE if all provided arguments are logically true.
FALSE	Returns the logical value FALSE.
IF	Returns one value if an expression is TRUE and another if FALSE.
IFERROR	Returns the first argument if not an error; otherwise returns the second.
IFNA	Evaluates a value; if #N/A, returns the specified value.
IFS	Evaluates multiple conditions and returns a value for the first true condition.
LAMBDA	Creates and returns a custom function with a set of names and a formula expression.
LET	Assigns names with value expressions and returns the result of a formula expression.
NOT	Returns the opposite of a logical value.
OR	Returns TRUE if any provided argument is logically true.
SWITCH	Tests an expression against cases and returns the corresponding value.
TRUE	Returns the logical value TRUE.
XOR	Performs exclusive OR, returning 1 if numbers differ and 0 otherwise.

Filter

A small but powerful group for filtering, sorting, and deduplicating data.

Function	Description
FILTER	Returns a filtered version of the source range, including only rows or columns that meet conditions.
SORT	Sorts the rows of a given array or range by the values in one or more columns.
SORTN	Returns the first n items in a dataset after performing a sort.
UNIQUE	Returns unique rows in the provided source range, discarding duplicates.

Array

Modern array helpers. Reshape arrays, apply LAMBDA functions across them, stack and split ranges, and run matrix operations.

Function	Description
ARRAY_CONSTRAIN	Constrains an array result to a specified size.
BYCOL	Groups an array by columns by applying a LAMBDA function to each column.
BYROW	Groups an array by rows by applying a LAMBDA function to each row.
CHOOSECOLS	Creates a new array from the selected columns of an existing range.
CHOOSEROWS	Creates a new array from the selected rows of an existing range.
FLATTEN	Flattens all values from one or more ranges into a single column.
FREQUENCY	Calculates the frequency distribution of a one-column array into specified classes.
GROWTH	Fits an exponential growth trend and predicts further values.
HSTACK	Appends ranges horizontally to return a larger array.
LINEST	Calculates parameters about an ideal linear trend using least squares.
LOGEST	Calculates parameters about the best fit exponential growth curve.
MAKEARRAY	Returns an array with values calculated by a LAMBDA function.
MAP	Maps each value in arrays to a new value by applying a LAMBDA function.
MDETERM	Returns the matrix determinant of a square matrix.
MINVERSE	Returns the multiplicative inverse of a square matrix.
MMULT	Calculates the matrix product of two matrices.
REDUCE	Reduces an array to an accumulated result by applying a LAMBDA function.
SCAN	Scans an array and produces intermediate values by applying a LAMBDA function.
SUMPRODUCT	Calculates the sum of products of corresponding entries in equally-sized ranges.
SUMX2MY2	Calculates the sum of differences of the squares of values in two arrays.
SUMX2PY2	Calculates the sum of the sums of the squares of values in two arrays.
SUMXMY2	Calculates the sum of the squares of differences of values in two arrays.
TOCOL	Transforms an array or range into a single column.
TOROW	Transforms an array or range into a single row.
TRANSPOSE	Transposes the rows and columns of an array or range.
TREND	Fits an ideal linear trend using least squares to predict future values.
VSTACK	Appends ranges vertically to return a larger array.
WRAPCOLS	Wraps cells by columns after a specified number of elements.
WRAPROWS	Wraps cells by rows after a specified number of elements.

Info

Inspect what’s in a cell. Type checks, error checks, and metadata about the spreadsheet itself.

Function	Description
CELL	Returns the requested information about the specified cell.
ERROR.TYPE	Returns a number corresponding to the error value in a different cell.
ISBLANK	Checks whether the referenced cell is empty.
ISDATE	Returns whether a value is a date.
ISEMAIL	Checks whether a value is a valid email address.
ISERR	Checks whether a value is an error other than #N/A.
ISERROR	Checks whether a value is an error.
ISFORMULA	Checks whether a formula is in the referenced cell.
ISLOGICAL	Checks whether a value is TRUE or FALSE.
ISNA	Checks whether a value is the error #N/A.
ISNONTEXT	Checks whether a value is non-textual.
ISNUMBER	Checks whether a value is a number.
ISREF	Checks whether a value is a valid cell reference.
ISTEXT	Checks whether a value is text.
N	Returns the argument provided as a number.
NA	Returns the “value not available” error #N/A.
SHEETS	Returns the total number of sheets in the referenced spreadsheet.
TYPE	Returns a number associated with the type of data passed into the function.

Financial

Loans, investments, depreciation, securities, and the rest of the finance department.

Function	Description
ACCRINT	Calculates the accrued interest of a security with periodic payments.
ACCRINTM	Calculates the accrued interest of a security paying at maturity.
AMORLINC	Returns the depreciation for an accounting period.
COUPDAYBS	Calculates the number of days from the first coupon until settlement.
COUPDAYS	Calculates the number of days in the coupon period.
COUPDAYSNC	Calculates the number of days from settlement until the next coupon.
COUPNCD	Calculates the next coupon date after the settlement date.
COUPNUM	Calculates the number of coupons between settlement and maturity.
COUPPCD	Calculates the last coupon date before the settlement date.
CUMIPMT	Calculates cumulative interest over a range of payment periods.
CUMPRINC	Calculates cumulative principal paid over a range of payment periods.
DB	Calculates depreciation using the arithmetic declining balance method.
DDB	Calculates depreciation using the double-declining balance method.
DISC	Calculates the discount rate of a security based on price.
DOLLARDE	Converts a price quotation given as a decimal fraction into a decimal value.
DOLLARFR	Converts a price quotation given as a decimal value into a decimal fraction.
DURATION	Calculates the number of compounding periods required for an investment.
EFFECT	Calculates the annual effective interest rate.
FV	Calculates the future value of an annuity investment.
FVSCHEDULE	Calculates the future value based on a series of variable interest rates.
INTRATE	Calculates the effective interest rate from purchase and sale prices.
IPMT	Calculates the payment on interest for an investment.
IRR	Calculates the internal rate of return on an investment.
ISPMT	Calculates the interest paid during a particular period of an investment.
MDURATION	Calculates the modified Macaulay duration of a security.
MIRR	Calculates the modified internal rate of return on an investment.
NOMINAL	Calculates the annual nominal interest rate.
NPER	Calculates the number of payment periods for an investment.
NPV	Calculates the net present value of an investment.
PDURATION	Returns the number of periods required for an investment to reach a value.
PMT	Calculates the periodic payment for an annuity investment.
PPMT	Calculates the payment on the principal of an investment.
PRICE	Calculates the price of a security paying periodic interest.
PRICEDISC	Calculates the price of a discount security.
PRICEMAT	Calculates the price of a security paying interest at maturity.
PV	Calculates the present value of an annuity investment.
RATE	Calculates the interest rate of an annuity investment.
RECEIVED	Calculates the amount received at maturity for an investment.
RRI	Returns the interest rate needed for an investment to reach a value.
SLN	Calculates depreciation using the straight-line method.
SYD	Calculates depreciation using the sum-of-years digits method.
TBILLEQ	Calculates the equivalent annualized rate of a US Treasury Bill.
TBILLPRICE	Calculates the price of a US Treasury Bill.
TBILLYIELD	Calculates the yield of a US Treasury Bill based on price.
VDB	Returns the depreciation of an asset for a particular period.
XIRR	Calculates the internal rate of return based on irregularly spaced cash flows.
XNPV	Calculates the net present value based on irregularly spaced cash flows.
YIELD	Calculates the annual yield of a security paying periodic interest.
YIELDDISC	Calculates the annual yield of a discount security.
YIELDMAT	Calculates the annual yield of a security paying interest at maturity.

Database

A small set of “D” functions for querying a table-style range using criteria, similar to a mini SQL.

Function	Description
DAVERAGE	Returns the average of values from a database table-like array.
DCOUNT	Counts numeric values from a database table-like array.
DCOUNTA	Counts values including text from a database table-like array.
DGET	Returns a single value from a database table-like array.
DMAX	Returns the maximum value from a database table-like array.
DMIN	Returns the minimum value from a database table-like array.
DPRODUCT	Returns the product of values from a database table-like array.
DSTDEV	Returns the standard deviation of a sample from a database array.
DSTDEVP	Returns the standard deviation of a population from a database array.
DSUM	Returns the sum of values from a database table-like array.
DVAR	Returns the variance of a sample from a database table-like array.
DVARP	Returns the variance of a population from a database table-like array.

Google

Functions unique to Google Sheets. These pull in external data, translate text, render images, and run powerful queries with QUERY.

Function	Description
ARRAYFORMULA	Enables display of array formula values across multiple rows or columns.
DETECTLANGUAGE	Identifies the language used in text within a specified range.
GOOGLEFINANCE	Fetches current or historical securities information from Google Finance.
GOOGLETRANSLATE	Translates text from one language into another.
IMAGE	Inserts an image into a cell.
QUERY	Runs a Google Visualization API Query Language query across data.
SPARKLINE	Creates a miniature chart contained within a single cell.

AI

The newest addition. Use AI directly inside a cell to generate, summarize, and categorize text.

Function	Description
AI	Generates text, summarizes information, categorizes data, and pulls in real-time information.

Web

Pull data from the web into your spreadsheet, or work with URLs and feeds.

Function	Description
ENCODEURL	Encodes a string of text for use in a URL query.
HYPERLINK	Creates a hyperlink inside a cell.
IMPORTDATA	Imports data at a given URL in .csv or .tsv format.
IMPORTFEED	Imports an RSS or ATOM feed.
IMPORTHTML	Imports data from a table or list within an HTML page.
IMPORTRANGE	Imports a range of cells from a specified spreadsheet.
IMPORTXML	Imports data from structured data types including XML and RSS.
ISURL	Checks whether a value is a valid URL.

Engineering

Number-base conversions, bitwise operations, and a full suite of complex-number functions.

Function	Description
BIN2DEC	Converts a signed binary number to decimal format.
BIN2HEX	Converts a signed binary number to signed hexadecimal format.
BIN2OCT	Converts a signed binary number to signed octal format.
BITAND	Bitwise boolean AND of two numbers.
BITLSHIFT	Shifts the bits of the input a certain number of places to the left.
BITOR	Bitwise boolean OR of two numbers.
BITRSHIFT	Shifts the bits of the input a certain number of places to the right.
BITXOR	Bitwise XOR (exclusive OR) of two numbers.
COMPLEX	Creates a complex number given real and imaginary coefficients.
DEC2BIN	Converts a decimal number to signed binary format.
DEC2HEX	Converts a decimal number to signed hexadecimal format.
DEC2OCT	Converts a decimal number to signed octal format.
DELTA	Compares two numeric values, returning 1 if they are equal.
ERF	Returns the integral of the Gauss error function over an interval.
ERF.PRECISE	Returns the integral of the Gauss error function over an interval.
GESTEP	Returns 1 if a rate is greater than or equal to a step value.
HEX2BIN	Converts a signed hexadecimal number to signed binary format.
HEX2DEC	Converts a signed hexadecimal number to decimal format.
HEX2OCT	Converts a signed hexadecimal number to signed octal format.
IMABS	Returns the absolute value of a complex number.
IMAGINARY	Returns the imaginary coefficient of a complex number.
IMARGUMENT	Returns the angle of the given complex number in radians.
IMCONJUGATE	Returns the complex conjugate of a number.
IMCOS	Returns the cosine of the given complex number.
IMCOSH	Returns the hyperbolic cosine of the given complex number.
IMCOT	Returns the cotangent of the given complex number.
IMCOTH	Returns the hyperbolic cotangent of the given complex number.
IMCSC	Returns the cosecant of the given complex number.
IMCSCH	Returns the hyperbolic cosecant of the given complex number.
IMDIV	Returns one complex number divided by another.
IMEXP	Returns Euler’s number, e, raised to a complex power.
IMLN	Returns the logarithm of a complex number, base e.
IMLOG	Returns the logarithm of a complex number for a specified base.
IMLOG10	Returns the logarithm of a complex number with base 10.
IMLOG2	Returns the logarithm of a complex number with base 2.
IMPOWER	Returns a complex number raised to a power.
IMPRODUCT	Returns the result of multiplying a series of complex numbers.
IMREAL	Returns the real coefficient of a complex number.
IMSEC	Returns the secant of the given complex number.
IMSECH	Returns the hyperbolic secant of the given complex number.
IMSIN	Returns the sine of the given complex number.
IMSINH	Returns the hyperbolic sine of the given complex number.
IMSQRT	Computes the square root of a complex number.
IMSUB	Returns the difference between two complex numbers.
IMSUM	Returns the sum of a series of complex numbers.
IMTAN	Returns the tangent of the given complex number.
IMTANH	Returns the hyperbolic tangent of the given complex number.
OCT2BIN	Converts a signed octal number to signed binary format.
OCT2DEC	Converts a signed octal number to decimal format.
OCT2HEX	Converts a signed octal number to signed hexadecimal format.

Parser

Quick converters between numbers, dates, percentages, dollars, and pure text.

Function	Description
CONVERT	Converts a numeric value to a different unit of measure.
TO_DATE	Converts a provided number to a date.
TO_DOLLARS	Converts a provided number to a dollar value.
TO_PERCENT	Converts a provided number to a percentage.
TOPURENUMBER	Converts formatted values to a pure number without formatting.
TO_TEXT	Converts a provided numeric value to a text value.

Operator

The arithmetic and comparison operators (+, -, *, /, =, >, <) exposed as named functions. Useful for array-style formulas where you can’t use the symbols directly.

Function	Description
ADD	Returns the sum of two numbers.
CONCAT	Returns the concatenation of two values.
DIVIDE	Returns one number divided by another.
EQ	Returns TRUE if two specified values are equal.
GT	Returns TRUE if the first argument is strictly greater than the second.
GTE	Returns TRUE if the first argument is greater than or equal to the second.
ISBETWEEN	Checks whether a number is between two other numbers.
LT	Returns TRUE if the first argument is strictly less than the second.
LTE	Returns TRUE if the first argument is less than or equal to the second.
MINUS	Returns the difference of two numbers.
MULTIPLY	Returns the product of two numbers.
NE	Returns TRUE if two specified values are not equal.
POW	Returns a number raised to a power.
UMINUS	Returns a number with the sign reversed.
UNARY_PERCENT	Returns a value interpreted as a percentage.
UPLUS	Returns a specified number, unchanged.